Carl Schmitt och det politiska

Estetiken har sin grundläggande distinktion fult och vackert, moralen har sin mellan rätt och fel, ekonomin har sin mellan lönsamt och olönsamt. Men vad har politiken? Vad är egentligen politik, vad är politikens kärna? För att besvara dessa frågor vänder vi oss till den nazianstrukne tyske filosofen och juristen Carl Schmitt.

Vän/fiendedistinktionen
För Schmitt står den politiska distinktionen mellan vän och fiende. Det är ytterst en existentiell distinktion, eftersom fienden är den som hotar ens särart till den grad att en fysisk konflikt är en möjlighet. Vänskapen däremot är ett intimt förhållande av samhörighet, en grupp människor som står enade mot en annan grupp av fiender.

Politiska filosofer har ofta skiljt mellan fienden och motståndaren/rivalen. Fienden hotar ens särart, hotar själva ens existens, motståndaren är mer som en släkting som man just för tillfället har en intressekonflikt med. På så vis definierade Plato det hela, och han ansåg därför att det bara var mot barbarerna som grekerna kunde föra verkliga krig. Deras inbördes fejder var inga riktiga krig, utan just fejder. På samma vis kan man välja att se Europa som en gemenskap, där etnosfären tillåter rivalitet men där krig som Första och Andra världskrigen är tragiska brödramord. Dessa världskrig kom till stånd eftersom Europas verkliga fiender bland annat utnyttjade en förväxling av det politiska och det etiska, till att få det att framstå som ett krig mot oetiska icke-människor.

Schmitt påpekar att den politiska distinktionen inte behöver ha något med etik, ekonomi eller estetik att göra. Fienden måste inte upplevas vara ful, ond eller olönsam, utan det räcker att han hotar den egna särarten på ett existentiellt sätt. I den moderna eran har det dock blivit allt vanligare att förneka det politiska och istället framställa fienden som en ogärningsman. På det viset förvandlar man fienden till en icke-människa, utan mänskliga rättigheter och människovärde. Man påstår ofta även att det inte är krig man för mot fienden, utan att det rör sig om juridiska aktioner, aktioner för mänskligheten och så vidare. Resultatet är att exempelvis USA idag utför en mängd militära operationer utan att förklara krig innan. Det är tydligt när man läser Schmitt att han ser detta som en oroande utveckling, krig som förs i mänsklighetens namn har en tendens att bli väldigt grymma (”detta är inte ett krig, detta är en bestraffning av ondskan”).

Den politiska enheten

Den politiska enheten är den som har ius bellum, alltså rätten att förklara ett krig, att välja vän och fiende. I vår tid är det normalt en nationalstat. Schmitts nationella grundsyn gör att han implicit verkar se på det hela på följande vis: först finns det ett folk. Det står mot andra folk som hotar det. Folket organiserar sig därför i en politisk organisation, och denna behövs för att folket skall överleva i en farlig omvärld.

Detta är emellertid implicit (och kan vara min övertolkning), och Schmitt citerar även Hobbes. Hur som helst delar han den konservativa grundsynen på människan. Människan är ett farligt djur. Beskydd och Lydnad är det som politiken byggs på ihop med Vän/Fiendedistinktionen.

Så länge staten kan starta krig mot Fiender, är det en politisk organisation. Men Schmitt är även medveten om att vänner och fiender kan dyka upp även inrikespolitiskt. När religiösa, sociala, etniska eller andra inrikespolitiska motsättningar når en sådan intensitet att medlemmarna av dessa grupper är beredda att dö och att döda för dem, har de blivit politiska. Och samtidigt har staten förlorat sin suveränitet. Den måste då ta del i en politisk kamp, i form av ett inbördeskrig, för att krossa sina fiender på hemmaplan. Antingen vinner staten, eller så vinner dess utmanare och en ny ordning föds.

Schmitts ”antisemitism” förklaras politiskt, han tycks inte ha haft något emot individuella judar utan citerar flera av dem med respekt. Inte heller får man intrycket att Schmitt var rasist. Hans problem är snarare politiskt, i form av att han ogillade existensen av grupper med dubbla lojaliteter i den politiska enheten (och judendomen var en av den tidens mycket få tyska minoriteter. Vad Schmitt skulle ha sagt om det ”mångkulturella” samhällets myriader av olika lojaliteter och otaliga konflikter kan vem som helst själv gissa sig till).

Schmitt och bourgeoisien
Schmitt urskiljer en oroande utveckling i bourgeoisiens förhållande till det politiska. Bourgeoisien har nämligen blivit en apolitisk klass, en klass som försöker förneka det politiska. Istället vill den att etik (mänskliga rättigheter och så vidare) och ekonomi ska vara allenarådande. En sann individualist vägrar staten rätten att beordra människor att dö och döda för sin särart. Schmitt refererar här till Hegels beskrivning av borgaren: Hegel also offers the first polemically political definition of the bourgeois. The bourgeois is an individual who does not want to leave the apolitical riskless private sphere. He rests in the possession of his private property, and under the justification of his possessive individualism he acts as an individual against the totality. He is a man who finds his compensation for his political nullity in the fruits of freedom and enrichment and above all in the total security of its use. Consequently he wants to be spared bravery and exempted from the danger of a violent death. Skillnaden mot den indo-europeiska och heroiska inställningen till det politiska är milt talat markant.

Schmitt gör skickligt narr av dem som tror att det politiska kan avskaffas. Om ett folk plötsligt förklarar att det framöver inte kommer att föra krig, konstaterar Schmitt kallt att det kommer då att finnas andra politiska makter som träder in som ”beskyddare” av detta livsovilliga folk. Och med beskydd kommer kravet på lydnad, varför det lilla folket då uppgår i en annan politisk enhet. Och det politiska består därmed.

Följande nietzscheanskt socialdarwinistiska, men inte desto mindre sanna, citat belyser Schmitts perspektiv:
If a people no longer possesses the energy or the will to maintain itself in the sphere of politics, the latter will not thereby vanish from the world. Only a weak people will disappear.

Schmitts relevans idag
Schmitt ger oss verktyg för att förstå det politiska. Han ger oss också verktyg att som högerradikaler tona ned rasfetischismen, och istället fokusera på det mångkulturella samhället som ett politiskt problem. Vad händer den dag Sverige hamnar i konflikt med exempelvis en muslimsk gruppering? Hur reagerar då våra hundratusentals muslimer? Väljer de då att vara våra vänner eller fiender? Hur ska man se på framväxten av grupper i förorterna som förbehåller sig rätten att själva välja vänner och fiender, och som själva försöker skapa relationer av beskydd och lydnad? Sådana frågor görs tydliga av Schmitts teoretiska ansats (samtidigt som den tillåter en betydande flexibilitet och realism i vårt val av vänner, även om man kanske inte behöver gå så långt att man gör definitionen av vem som är svensk till en politisk fråga, en fråga om lojalitet).

Den sena vänstern har också utnyttjat Schmitts insikter. Chantal Mouffe delade hans insikt om att vänner och fiender alltid kommer att finnas. För att säkra det mångkulturella och ”toleranta” samhället menade hon därför att taktiken för vänstern måste vara att göra ”de intoleranta” till den inhemska Fienden. Man kan inte säga annat än att de lyckats med detta, oavsett om de sedan läst Mouffe eller inte. Och frågan är hur vi bäst bemöter deras taktik. Detta har redan diskuterats i inlägget om Historiska block och högergramscianism.

Svar

  1. Profilbild för Joakim Andersen

    Good analysis. Houllebecq earlier reasoned that given enough time, Western consumerism would be more attractive to Muslims in France than both Islam and Islamism. But taking into account the massive immigration, the economic slump and the violent methods of these groups I am not so certain (and I wonder if he is either). Thus, this is a growing problem that we need to handle and your article is important in describing and analyzing it so that it can be understood.

  2. Profilbild för Gef

    spelling error: ”Fore” = ”For”

  3. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

    Charlotta
    It would be preferable not to group together terrorists and radicals who follow sharia or other rules incongruent with western values. The terrorists are either professionals in Us/Nato service or manipulated scapegoats. Golda Meir’s words ’there are no muslim terrorists’ – she knew about false flags both against jewish targets and against others. Always blamed on muslims. In the case of Charlie Hebdo there is a lot of evidence associated with false flag. In addition one of the victims was the economist of Banc de France Bernard Maris who argued for cancellation of debt and against the Euro.
    Obviously someone with powerful enemies. Compare Alfred Herrhausen also pleading for debt cancellation of the poor countries. He was murdered by an intricate road-side bomb in 1989.
    After a decade it turned out this was a Cia-plot although for a long time it was blamed on the Baader Meinhof.
    The deviousness going on out there is boundless and the Us/Uk-Nato/Israel are out to cleanse the ME as well as creating chaos and social upheaval in Europe.
    To respond just like these devious plotters intended means you are their useful fool and they are not your friends and want you enslaved as well.
    Protest against immigration but dont blame them for terrorism. You dont need that excuse although it may make you feel better.
    Europeans dont have to explain why they want to preserve their original way of life in case mixing creates too much tension or even if its about preserving majority racial traits. Not politically correct but democracy need not be.
    – –
    You seem to assume, if I understand you correctly, that there are both cases of genuine terrorism and maybe some Us-controlled cases? – critisizing ’the one size fits all’
    Who knows, there might be genuine cases, but in all cases known to me it is striking how it always seems to have been false flags.

    1. Profilbild för Avantgardist

      If there, among 2 billion people, wouldn’t be any genuine maniacs who act based on what they believe is right themselves without having the US pay for them at all, then I think we have a miracle before us. If we can accept that dangerous radical ideas grow and have been growing within christianity, judaism, Marxism, nationalism, if we can admit that terrorist acts are comitted by separatists in Baskia and Chechnya, why can’t we believe that dangerous ideas and terrorism grow within Islam?

      1. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

        Chechnya was definitely a case of huge Cia involvment.

        Baskian terror according to what I heard long ago was backed up by the british. In Greece underground terror was the Cia. The weathermen of the Usa a Cia operation. Basically Natos operation Gladio covers most cases of terror in europe.
        The reason why it doesnt grow independently from Us/Uk/Israel is funding! They automatically provide the most powerful way to channel miscontents.
        Without that and the enormous interference from them in other ways these countries would have better options through democratic means. Every secular socially responsible regime has been crushed by Us/Uk. Brittain has spent centuries instigating religious and extremist strife everywhere.
        When they left India they created Pakistan to create religious tention. Like Nikolay Starikov said they created an anti-India.
        In the Us, the defeated brits created an opposing pair leading to the civil war. (The brits were on both sides which is nearly always the case due to the great benefits for the banksters)
        The ’french’ revolution was their next plot, punishing the french for having helped the americans in the american revolution.
        Some people view the british creation of Israel as an anti-Arabia but I would add Saudiarabia to the list.
        Its about banking and creating money out of thin air. In order to protect their parasitic condition they need to crush all opposition. This is done through divide and conquer.
        In Africa they use their terrorist bands with the intention to split in particular Oil-rich nations into so small parts that those parts cannot match the oil companies.

        I put it to you that many nationalists do care for the preservation of the racial profile before mixing has gone much further, but they dont dare be open about it.
        Only Israel is allowed to be a monoculture, while their influential supporters in the Us does not allow europeans that right. Instead they want chaos inside europe, so europeans won’t have any sympathy for arabs as Us/Uk/Israel annihilates the arab world.
        They have destroyed precious historical treasures in Iraq with impunity.

        1. Profilbild för Avantgardist

          I am fully aware that the US have interests in the conflicts in other parts of the world and therefore are funding various groups. I however do not consider people to be retarded children, both Saudi Arabia and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as well as the IS influenced Imams in Swedish mosques, have both their own interests in the conflicts and an own responsibility for their actions. Boko Haram and al Shabaab do not consist of Americans or even Nigerian and Somali soldiers that take their orders from CIA, but of soldiers who believe in the ideas they claim to fight före. Same goes for all the young muslims in Sweden that expresses their admiration for IS in various Facebook groups. They are not actors. Just because the US funds something it doesn’t mean that the ideas weren’t there to begin with. If there are no chances at all that these ideas will ever grow in a muslim community, then why even use Islam? Why not lure the warriors with drugs or liberal ideas instead?

          1. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

            You say the US has interests and are funding. Well their interests includes crushing China Russia and the rest of their competitors. For that purpose they train and fund more and more terrorists. You’re too myopic about it. Its a geopolitical struggle for total hegemony and you dont mind being their useful fool.
            Analogy follows
            The british soldiers in WWI didnt have a clue about how their elites conspired and they were brainwashed with lies. But you think those british soldiers are responsible for having trusted their leaders and that we can just forget about the elites and go a head and say. Its all the soldiers fault lets not bring in the elites.
            I could repeat the argument about nearly all media people, historians and politicians – fooled by propaganda and actively pushing towards war.
            In addition all western media silence the type of connections I mention here and provoke tensions by not allowing free speech about those things you criticize about radical messages in mosques etc.
            The fact that this is allowed to happen here at all is because the mentioned powers force this upon us.
            But you seem to think it just happens. That’s always what the anglosaxons want us to believe.
            – –
            You say they are not actors.
            Are you sure that there are no actors among them?
            I’ve heard several examples that there are undercover ops acting. Those cases revealed are surely just the tips of the iceberg.
            While I wouldnt dispute that there are genuine cases of extremism since this is what the Us/Uk/Israel desire and also because the west is actively provoking them as much as they can.
            Still if the west ceases to fund them and reverses the threats to the saudis which makes them fund it the whole terror zoology would fade away.
            ”..ideas were not there to begin with”
            Of course not but neither would they be driven away from their homelands. Another example: the Pashtuns original lifestyle would be incompatible if they tried to replicate it in Sweden but not if they were left to themselves.
            ”If there is no chance these ideas would ever grow in a muslim community..”
            The evil variants of Islam have been strengthened by the west by all means available. In the russian context the orthodox church and the muslims have made joint statements condemning the western backed nasty variants.

          2. Profilbild för Avantgardist

            ”Its a geopolitical struggle for total hegemony and you dont mind being their useful fool.”

            Ok, that kind of settles it. I have been debating the US-issues since I first became politically active 13 years ago. I have been called Islamist apologist by Counter-jihadists and I have been called Kremlin-puppet by Ukraine-friendly nationalists. I was one of the first to take a stand against the Maidan movement. Etc. But this is probably the first time someone calls me useful idiot to the US :D. How many times do I have to say that I recognize US funding and support of the islamist movements? Just because I don’t view Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as a poor victim without any own will or interests, I am a useful idiot to the US? Drink some more silver will you and stop seeing lizzards everywhere.

          3. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

            I didnt say idiot, I said useful fool. And fool is a more generalized statement than useful fool and therefore more insulting. Useful fool means you inadvertently let yourself be exploited by someone who may be extremely calculating and devious, resulting in much higher demands on correct info. I sometimes act like a useful fool despite my (hopefully) reasonably good insights, when I too quickly jump to conclusions. I wouldnt feel too insulted by that characterization since it is a guide and a challenge to look further, dig deeper. Moreover being wrong about this is dangerous for us europeans allowing the real power to play us like pawns.
            Peace

          4. Profilbild för Charlotta

            Ok, so by recognizing the threat US liberal hegemony constitutes and by writing about US funding and support to IS and al Qaida I am a useful fool to the US liberal hegemony. Inception!

          5. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

            No its your avoidance of the false flag issue and focus on ’blow back’ – ”lone gunmen” inspired by IS ..”
            Honestly you cannot possibly fail to understand the very different implications.
            Lee Harvey Oswald in the repository firing his cheap Carcano Model 91/38 carbine vs a huge conspiracy phaps related to the nuclear weapons ambitions of a certain nation, against which JFK was an obstacle.
            (Btw while we had this conversation I got some new info about another matter making me look a little bit like a useful fool in that other context)

          6. Profilbild för Charlotta

            I actually didnt read this whole comment, but now I see thaat you mention evil variants of islam. Isnt that exactly what I am talking about in my text? Did you even read it? Do I ever deny that the US is backing these evil variants of islam, that there is an elite behind IS? Do I ever blame all muslims or say that this is about Islam? What are you actually think that you are fighting here?

          7. Profilbild för Charlotta

            *Do you think.

          8. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

            You tell me you didnt read my comment and ask me if I’m like you and don’t read what I’m commenting.
            Like I stated in one comment below it’s about your avoidance of the false flag issue vs blowback. Your discussion as it appears to me is about blow back. Ie the US is funding and backing nasty variants of Islam and this leads to ugly consequences e.g. in Europe, but these nasty elements are now acting autonomously.
            The false flag interpretation is about them not acting autonomously at all. They are either proffessional mercenaries carrying out a hit or maybe more like manipulated puppets but still following instructions. Moreover It is not even obvious that they are the people in the official version. Forgetting an ID in the car – thats a good one…
            According to the blow back interpretation the US caused it but now their pupils are on the loose and have to be treated as an independent entity not under US control. And we must accept to fight them and maybe take losses in that war and seeing Europe in ruins before it’s over. That is what the US/Uk/Israel have arranged for us. With the false flag interpretation the right action is for Europe to put the entire focus on those three stooges, accuse them, form alliances against them, not following their advice – finish all sanctions against Russia, not letting the three stooges decide how to deal with their irregular islamist armies. Not continue to offer Israel special treatment with the excessive use of ’antisemitism’ as an excuse for most any heinous act from Israel.
            Bringing up previous examples of false flags and suggesting that this is mostly what we have been dealing with for decades. And to do so at prime time in all mains stream media. All over Europe.
            Appart from the three stooges France is fighting colonial wars (Sweden gave some assistance) and France might (?) want an excuse to bomb Libya for colonial reasons. I have no clever suggestion how to deal with that. It’s a mess and the west is the only real culprit.

    2. Profilbild för Avantgardist

      And I suggest you read the text again. Most critical voices against radicalization among western muslims are muslims themselves. I prefer to believe in those that live among islamists, that have experience of islamism, than some middle class white revolutionary.

      1. Profilbild för Peter Grafström

        ”Most critical voices…”
        Of course it is, thats the whole point. The anglosaxons have created the thesis and antithesis they are always looking for. Its the divide and conquer they seek. The british, like one of their masterminds Bernard Lewis are quite well studied into everything that can be of use for creating division. He wasnt naive about it, but the scribe for the CFR the ol’ professor Huntington tried to make it sound inevitable.
        The Chechnyan commander now, Kadyrov, is fighting the extremists and sides with Russia. The Us recently tried again to throw their irregular extremist armies into a renewed Chechnyan conflict. You just dont want to see the enormous extent of evil from the west. The pupeteers.

        1. Profilbild för Avantgardist

          I understand that the world is a complex place where conflicts always have existed, and that my enemy of yesterday might be my friend tomorrow depending on who we are fighting. Simple minds strive for simple explanations.

  4. Profilbild för je suis voltaire?

    THE LACKEYS (i.e journalists) AND THEIR LIES

    EX. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAWuVy0QW18
    – Charlie Hebdo Fired ‘Anti-Semitic’ Cartoonist For Ridiculing Judaism In 2009
    http://anonhq.com/charlie-hebdo-fired-anti-semitic-cartoonist-ridiculing-judaism-2009/

    http://media.tumblr.com/d2d6ccf21ffeb56bd52aa9b0187baa8b/tumblr_inline_mhakrtiwJF1qz4rgp.jpg

    ps

    Professor de Mattei: From its very foundation, “Charlie Hebdo” has been a newspaper wherein satire was placed at the service of a philosophy of libertarian life, the roots of it being imbedded in the anti-Christian ideas of the Enlightment. The French, satirical newspaper became famous because of its caricature of Mohammed, but its disgusting, blasphemous vignettes to vindicate homosexual unions should not be forgotten. The editors of “Charlie Hebdo” can be considered an extreme but coherent expression of the relativist culture now widespread in the entire West, in the same way as the terrorists who slaughtered them can be considered an extreme but coherent expression of the hate against the West by the entire, vast Islamic world.

    http://capitolcommentary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/charlie-hebdo-chiesa-.jpg

    My comment: Charlie Hebdo just followed the old and worn path of ridiculing all the sacred aspects of Western society that at least before created the sense of meaning and community for an array of very different people.

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Piss_Christ_by_Serrano_Andres_(1987).jpg

    Gaycouple Gilbert & Georges ”insightful” work SHITTY!

    http://www.escapeintolife.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/1994-SHITTY-FROM-SNHW.jpg

    – Ridiculing Islam is the exception, but ridiculing Christianity is the rule!

  5. […] 2025 förstås bäst med utgångspunkt i Samuel Francis och Carl Schmitt. Francis vidareutvecklade teman från James Burnham och Christopher Lasch, han beskrev hur de skikt […]

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